The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) helps businesses flourish. Through our financial investments, business services and involvement in high. Reconstruction is an innovative culture studies journal dedicated to fostering an intellectual community composed of scholars and their audience, granting them all. The 1866 Civil Rights Act. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the United States. Reconstruction Summary & Analysis. BACK; NEXT; Reconstruction was America's first experiment in interracial democracy for men. It tested the central philosophies and. Iterative reconstruction - Wikipedia. Example showing differences between filtered backprojection (right half) and iterative reconstruction method (left half)Iterative reconstruction refers to iterativealgorithms used to reconstruct 2. D and 3. D images in certain imaging techniques. For example, in computed tomography an image must be reconstructed from projections of an object. Here, iterative reconstruction techniques are usually a better, but computationally more expensive alternative to the common filtered back projection (FBP) method, which directly calculates the image in a single reconstruction step. Often, it is not possible to exactly solve the inverse problem directly. In this case, a direct algorithm has to approximate the solution, which might cause visible reconstruction artifacts in the image. Iterative algorithms approach the correct solution using multiple iteration steps, which allows to obtain a better reconstruction at the cost of a higher computation time. In computed tomography, this approach was the one first used by Hounsfield. There are a large variety of algorithms, but each starts with an assumed image, computes projections from the image, compares the original projection data and updates the image based upon the difference between the calculated and the actual projections. There are typically five components to iterative image reconstruction algorithms, e. Often this is a linear model of the form Ax+. Often Gaussian noise or Poisson statistics are assumed. Because Poisson statistics are closer to reality, it is more widely used. A cost function that is to be minimized to estimate the image coefficient vector. Often this cost function includes some form of regularization. Sometimes the regularization is based on Markov random fields. An algorithm, usually iterative, for minimizing the cost function, including some initial estimate of the image and some stopping criterion for terminating the iterations. Advantages. The method has been applied in emission tomography modalities like SPECT and PET, where there is significant attenuation along ray paths and noise statistics are relatively poor. Statistical, likelihood- based approaches: Statistical, likelihood- based iterative expectation- maximization algorithms. Such algorithms compute estimates of the likely distribution of annihilation events that led to the measured data, based on statistical principle, often providing better noise profiles and resistance to the streak artifacts common with FBP. Since the density of radioactive tracer is a function in a function space, therefore of extremely high- dimensions, methods which regularize the maximum- likelihood solution turning it towards penalized or maximum a- posteriori methods can have significant advantages for low counts. Examples such as Ulf Grenander's Sieve estimator. Good's roughness method . These scenarios may occur in intraoperative CT, in cardiac CT, or when metal artifacts. For example, with iterative algorithms it is possible to reconstruct images from data acquired in a very short time as required for Real- time MRI. Huber function) to improve the reconstruction for better interpretation. T., Fundamentals of computerized tomography: Image reconstruction from projection, 2nd edition, Springer, 2. Wang, Xiao; Sabne, Amit; Kisner, Sherman; Raghunathan, Anand; Bouman, Charles; Midkiff, Samuel (2. A fact sheet that describes breast reconstruction after mastectomy, including surgical options, follow-up care, and breast cancer screening after reconstruction. Reconstruction actually began in December 1863, when Abraham Lincoln announced a plan to establish governments in the South loyal to the Union. Dating the Reconstruction Era. In the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times; federal Reconstruction finally ended with the Compromise of 1877. Klan was an alliterative version of 'clan,' thus Ku Klux Klan suggested a circle, or band, of brothers. With the passage of the Military Reconstruction Acts in March. Premier Ear Reconstruction Specialist Offering both autogenous chest cartilage and MEDPOR Reconstruction: The Second Civil War: Reconstruction: %BLURB. Exclusive Corporate Funding is provided by. Proceedings of the 2. ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 2: 1. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. Journal of the American Statistical Association. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. Proceedings Amererican Statistical Computing: 1. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. Proceedings of the IEEE. Proceedings National Academy Sciences, USA. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 4. Iterative image reconstruction using a total variation constraint. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 5. Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE 2. M Uecker, S Zhang, D Voit, A Karaus, KD Merboldt, J Frahm (2. Real- time MRI at a resolution of 2. NMR Biomed 2. 3: 9. Albarqouni, Shadi; Lasser, Tobias; Alkhaldi, Weaam; Al- Amoudi, Ashraf; Navab, Nassir (2. Gao, Fei; Shi, Kuangyu; Li, Shuo, eds. Gradient Projection for Regularized Cryo- Electron Tomographic Reconstruction. Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9. 78- 3- 3.
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